Prayer Changes Perceptual and Other Experiences
2024-03-05
Setup & Loading Data
Study 1
Worth noting that all responses for study 1 are yes/no. No frequency responses.
Study 2
## [1] "Level 'spiritual_healing' not found in variable 'question.'"Study 3
Analysis 1: Prayer Increases Spiritual Presence Events
Study 1
An informal summary: above and beyond differences across countries, rural vs. urban locations, and religious groups, the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and considering sample characteristics as fixed effects, nested random effects, or crossed random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(328) | p
## ------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.02 | 0.24 | [-0.45, 0.49] | 0.09 | 0.926
## prayfreqmin | 0.22 | 0.05 | [ 0.13, 0.32] | 4.50 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -----------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion:(site:country)) | 0.35
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.00
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.50
## SD (Residual) | 0.79Charismatic Christian participants only
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(171) | p
## -----------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.05 | 0.29 | [-0.52, 0.62] | 0.17 | 0.864
## prayfreqmin | 0.20 | 0.07 | [ 0.07, 0.33] | 3.06 | 0.003
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ----------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.22 | 0.13 | [0.08, 0.67]
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.62 | 0.24 | [0.28, 1.34]
## SD (Residual) | 0.77 | 0.04 | [0.70, 0.86]Local & charismatic participants, grouped by country
Study 2
An informal summary: above and beyond differences across countries and samples (charismatic vs. general population), the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and considering sample characteristics as fixed or random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(992) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.02 | 0.15 | [-0.28, 0.32] | 0.15 | 0.883
## prayminday imp0 | 0.28 | 0.04 | [ 0.20, 0.35] | 7.39 | < .001
## howr num | 0.16 | 0.04 | [ 0.08, 0.24] | 4.10 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 × howr num | 0.07 | 0.03 | [ 0.00, 0.14] | 2.07 | 0.039
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: population:country) | 0.29 | 0.11 | [0.14, 0.61]
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.25 | 0.18 | [0.06, 1.00]
## SD (Residual) | 0.79 | 0.02 | [0.76, 0.83]Charismatic Christians
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(241) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.04 | 0.16 | [-0.27, 0.34] | 0.23 | 0.815
## prayminday imp0 | 0.38 | 0.07 | [ 0.24, 0.51] | 5.65 | < .001
## howr num | 0.14 | 0.08 | [-0.02, 0.30] | 1.68 | 0.095
## prayminday imp0 × howr num | -0.08 | 0.08 | [-0.24, 0.07] | -1.02 | 0.306
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## -----------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.28 | 0.14 | [0.11, 0.76]
## SD (Residual) | 0.91 | 0.04 | [0.84, 1.00]General population & charismatic participants, grouped by country
Study 3
An informal summary: above and beyond differences across denominations, the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including [NOT YET CONFIRMED: modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and] considering sample characteristics as fixed vs. random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(1747) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.06 | 0.10 | [-0.14, 0.27] | 0.60 | 0.551
## pray freq PEW num | 0.32 | 0.03 | [ 0.25, 0.39] | 9.31 | < .001
## demo religimp num | 0.25 | 0.04 | [ 0.17, 0.32] | 6.50 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num × demo religimp num | -0.02 | 0.03 | [-0.08, 0.03] | -0.82 | 0.410
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## --------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion_denom) | 0.24
## SD (Residual) | 0.83Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(754) | p
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.13 | 0.17 | [-0.20, 0.47] | 0.78 | 0.434
## pray freq PEW num | 0.19 | 0.04 | [ 0.11, 0.28] | 4.32 | < .001
## demo religimp num | 0.23 | 0.05 | [ 0.14, 0.32] | 4.88 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num × demo religimp num | -7.10e-03 | 0.04 | [-0.08, 0.06] | -0.20 | 0.844
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ----------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion_cat) | 0.48 | 0.14 | [0.27, 0.85]
## SD (Residual) | 0.90 | 0.02 | [0.86, 0.95]Analysis 2: Prayer Affects Some Spiritual Presence Events More Than Others
Study 1
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.61 0.62 0.6 0.19 1.6 0.032 0.65 0.26 0.2
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.55 0.61 0.67
## Duhachek 0.55 0.61 0.68
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## thought_mind 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0084 0.20
## vision_mind 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0101 0.19
## dreams 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.20 1.5 0.034 0.0082 0.20
## knowing 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.21 1.6 0.032 0.0082 0.22
## sensation 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.18 1.3 0.036 0.0103 0.19
## body_experience 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0099 0.20
## intense_emotion 0.59 0.59 0.56 0.20 1.5 0.034 0.0044 0.20
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## thought_mind 325 0.60 0.61 0.53 0.40 0.74 0.44
## vision_mind 329 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.49 0.50
## dreams 331 0.48 0.49 0.34 0.26 0.71 0.46
## knowing 323 0.46 0.45 0.27 0.20 0.63 0.48
## sensation 312 0.56 0.58 0.46 0.36 0.76 0.43
## body_experience 326 0.61 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.66 0.48
## intense_emotion 330 0.53 0.51 0.39 0.28 0.60 0.49
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## thought_mind 0.26 0.74 0.04
## vision_mind 0.51 0.49 0.03
## dreams 0.29 0.71 0.02
## knowing 0.37 0.63 0.04
## sensation 0.24 0.76 0.08
## body_experience 0.34 0.66 0.04
## intense_emotion 0.40 0.60 0.02##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.27 1.9 0.03 0.33 0.31 0.24
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.59 0.65 0.71
## Duhachek 0.59 0.65 0.71
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## voice_ears 0.56 0.56 0.50 0.24 1.3 0.039 0.0040 0.22
## vision_eyes 0.60 0.60 0.53 0.27 1.5 0.036 0.0053 0.27
## touch 0.61 0.60 0.55 0.28 1.5 0.035 0.0097 0.24
## smell 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.26 1.4 0.037 0.0100 0.22
## see_hear_other 0.64 0.64 0.59 0.31 1.8 0.032 0.0091 0.31
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## voice_ears 328 0.71 0.70 0.61 0.48 0.43 0.50
## vision_eyes 326 0.66 0.65 0.52 0.41 0.37 0.48
## touch 321 0.63 0.63 0.48 0.39 0.29 0.45
## smell 333 0.67 0.67 0.54 0.43 0.28 0.45
## see_hear_other 329 0.57 0.58 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.46
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## voice_ears 0.57 0.43 0.03
## vision_eyes 0.63 0.37 0.04
## touch 0.71 0.29 0.05
## smell 0.72 0.28 0.01
## see_hear_other 0.71 0.29 0.03##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.51 0.51 0.42 0.26 1 0.046 0.49 0.35 0.22
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.41 0.51 0.59
## Duhachek 0.42 0.51 0.60
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## presence_god 0.37 0.37 0.22 0.22 0.58 0.069
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.35 0.35 0.21 0.21 0.54 0.071
## presence_demon 0.50 0.50 0.34 0.34 1.02 0.054
## var.r med.r
## presence_god NA 0.22
## presence_ghostangelspirit NA 0.21
## presence_demon NA 0.34
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## presence_god 329 0.72 0.73 0.50 0.35 0.34 0.48
## presence_ghostangelspirit 326 0.74 0.73 0.51 0.36 0.56 0.50
## presence_demon 328 0.68 0.67 0.37 0.27 0.56 0.50
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## presence_god 0.66 0.34 0.03
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.44 0.56 0.04
## presence_demon 0.44 0.56 0.03##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.4 0.4 0.35 0.15 0.68 0.053 0.33 0.27 0.17
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.28 0.4 0.5
## Duhachek 0.29 0.4 0.5
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## possession_self 0.29 0.29 0.22 0.118 0.40 0.067 0.0087
## out_of_body 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.154 0.55 0.062 0.0110
## shapeshifter 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.092 0.31 0.074 0.0130
## sleep_paralysis 0.45 0.45 0.36 0.217 0.83 0.051 0.0015
## med.r
## possession_self 0.166
## out_of_body 0.166
## shapeshifter 0.044
## sleep_paralysis 0.223
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## possession_self 329 0.63 0.63 0.43 0.26 0.26 0.44
## out_of_body 327 0.54 0.59 0.33 0.20 0.18 0.39
## shapeshifter 325 0.68 0.67 0.49 0.32 0.30 0.46
## sleep_paralysis 330 0.56 0.51 0.17 0.11 0.58 0.49
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## possession_self 0.74 0.26 0.03
## out_of_body 0.82 0.18 0.03
## shapeshifter 0.70 0.30 0.04
## sleep_paralysis 0.42 0.58 0.02Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.183 | thought_mind | 0.270 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | intense_emotion | 0.257 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | vision_mind | 0.239 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | sensation | 0.202 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | dreams | 0.159 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | body_experience | 0.083 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | knowing | 0.071 |
| (other) | 0.147 | slain_in_spirit | 0.348 |
| (other) | 0.147 | scripture | 0.257 |
| (other) | 0.147 | time_slow | 0.229 |
| (other) | 0.147 | rush_power | 0.173 |
| (other) | 0.147 | people | 0.108 |
| (other) | 0.147 | place_body | 0.091 |
| (other) | 0.147 | encounter_other | -0.011 |
| (other) | 0.147 | white_light | -0.015 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_demon | 0.274 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_god | 0.070 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_ghostangelspirit | 0.028 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | vision_eyes | 0.174 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | voice_ears | 0.157 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | see_hear_other | 0.061 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | touch | 0.060 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | smell | -0.018 |
| weird | 0.005 | out_of_body | 0.091 |
| weird | 0.005 | possession_self | 0.020 |
| weird | 0.005 | shapeshifter | -0.034 |
| weird | 0.005 | sleep_paralysis | -0.055 |
Linear mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(1320) | p
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.69 | 0.18 | [ 0.34, 1.05] | 3.85 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] | -1.03 | 0.06 | [-1.14, -0.92] | -17.92 | < .001
## category [presence] | -0.52 | 0.06 | [-0.64, -0.41] | -9.12 | < .001
## category [weird] | -1.04 | 0.06 | [-1.15, -0.93] | -18.05 | < .001
## prayfreqmin | 0.26 | 0.05 | [ 0.16, 0.35] | 5.26 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] × prayfreqmin | -0.15 | 0.06 | [-0.26, -0.04] | -2.61 | 0.009
## category [presence] × prayfreqmin | -0.07 | 0.06 | [-0.18, 0.04] | -1.25 | 0.213
## category [weird] × prayfreqmin | -0.28 | 0.06 | [-0.39, -0.16] | -4.79 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ------------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: subject_id:(religion:(site:country))) | 0.39
## SD (Intercept: religion:(site:country)) | 0.29
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.07
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.36
## SD (Residual) | 0.74Charismatic Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(691) | p
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.01 | 0.18 | [-0.34, 0.37] | 0.08 | 0.938
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.95 | 0.05 | [ 0.86, 1.04] | 20.62 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.50 | 0.05 | [-0.59, -0.41] | -10.75 | < .001
## categorypresence GM | 0.09 | 0.05 | [ 0.00, 0.18] | 1.98 | 0.048
## prayfreqmin | 0.12 | 0.04 | [ 0.04, 0.20] | 2.93 | 0.003
## categoryrelabeled GM × prayfreqmin | 0.09 | 0.05 | [-0.01, 0.18] | 1.85 | 0.065
## categoryouter sensory GM × prayfreqmin | 0.02 | 0.05 | [-0.07, 0.11] | 0.47 | 0.641
## categorypresence GM × prayfreqmin | 0.06 | 0.05 | [-0.04, 0.15] | 1.20 | 0.230
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: subject_id:(site:country)) | 0.32
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.15
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.38
## SD (Residual) | 0.71Study 2
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.45 3.2 0.011 1.2 1.3 0.44
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.74 0.76 0.79
## Duhachek 0.74 0.76 0.79
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## dreams 0.76 0.76 0.69 0.51 3.1 0.012 0.0079 0.48
## voice_mind 0.65 0.66 0.57 0.39 2.0 0.018 0.0062 0.38
## thought_mind 0.66 0.67 0.58 0.40 2.0 0.017 0.0044 0.44
## vision_mind 0.73 0.73 0.66 0.48 2.7 0.014 0.0149 0.44
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## dreams 1019 0.68 0.70 0.53 0.47 1.1 1.6
## voice_mind 1021 0.84 0.81 0.75 0.65 1.3 1.9
## thought_mind 1018 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.64 1.6 2.0
## vision_mind 1012 0.70 0.74 0.59 0.52 0.7 1.4
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 miss
## dreams 0.55 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.01
## voice_mind 0.62 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.16 0.00
## thought_mind 0.51 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.19 0.01
## vision_mind 0.74 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.01##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.64 0.64 0.58 0.3 1.7 0.017 0.37 0.72 0.32
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.6 0.64 0.67
## Duhachek 0.6 0.64 0.67
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## voice_ears 0.52 0.53 0.44 0.27 1.1 0.025 0.0062 0.31
## vision_eyes 0.55 0.56 0.47 0.30 1.3 0.023 0.0068 0.31
## touch 0.53 0.52 0.44 0.27 1.1 0.023 0.0155 0.21
## smell 0.64 0.64 0.54 0.37 1.8 0.019 0.0019 0.38
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## voice_ears 1018 0.78 0.72 0.59 0.48 0.48 1.24
## vision_eyes 1016 0.73 0.69 0.54 0.44 0.44 1.12
## touch 1016 0.72 0.73 0.59 0.47 0.38 1.00
## smell 1006 0.51 0.62 0.39 0.30 0.17 0.69
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 miss
## voice_ears 0.81 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01
## vision_eyes 0.81 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01
## touch 0.81 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01
## smell 0.91 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.71 0.73 0.7 0.31 2.7 0.014 0.53 0.77 0.33
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.68 0.71 0.74
## Duhachek 0.69 0.71 0.74
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## presence_god 0.70 0.70 0.66 0.32 2.4 0.015
## presence_demon 0.67 0.69 0.65 0.31 2.3 0.016
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.66 0.68 0.63 0.29 2.1 0.017
## presence_dead 0.67 0.69 0.65 0.30 2.2 0.016
## presence_naturespirit 0.68 0.69 0.65 0.31 2.3 0.016
## presence_witch 0.67 0.68 0.64 0.30 2.1 0.016
## var.r med.r
## presence_god 0.0026 0.33
## presence_demon 0.0033 0.33
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.0033 0.29
## presence_dead 0.0036 0.31
## presence_naturespirit 0.0019 0.31
## presence_witch 0.0036 0.31
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## presence_god 1012 0.69 0.61 0.48 0.41 0.96 1.62
## presence_demon 920 0.64 0.64 0.53 0.45 0.51 1.19
## presence_ghostangelspirit 816 0.68 0.69 0.60 0.50 0.66 1.33
## presence_dead 918 0.63 0.66 0.55 0.46 0.50 1.11
## presence_naturespirit 916 0.58 0.64 0.53 0.44 0.28 0.92
## presence_witch 920 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.47 0.36 1.03
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 miss
## presence_god 0.63 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.01
## presence_demon 0.77 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.10
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.71 0.14 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.20
## presence_dead 0.74 0.16 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.10
## presence_naturespirit 0.87 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.11
## presence_witch 0.83 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.10##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.35 0.37 0.3 0.17 0.59 0.027 0.47 0.68 0.13
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.28 0.35 0.42
## Duhachek 0.30 0.35 0.41
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## out_of_body 0.416 0.45 0.29 0.29 0.83 0.032 NA 0.29
## shapeshifter 0.078 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.033 NA 0.07
## sleep_paralysis 0.195 0.23 0.13 0.13 0.30 0.041 NA 0.13
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## out_of_body 1023 0.34 0.60 0.20 0.11 0.12 0.47
## shapeshifter 1019 0.68 0.71 0.48 0.31 0.27 0.90
## sleep_paralysis 1021 0.87 0.68 0.41 0.28 1.01 1.46
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 5 miss
## out_of_body 0.91 0.06 0.02 0.01 0 0.00 0.00
## shapeshifter 0.86 0.08 0.02 0.00 0 0.03 0.01
## sleep_paralysis 0.50 0.29 0.10 0.02 0 0.09 0.00Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.394 | dreams | 0.433 |
| relabeled | 0.394 | thought_mind | 0.429 |
| relabeled | 0.394 | voice_mind | 0.409 |
| relabeled | 0.394 | vision_mind | 0.306 |
| outer_sensory | 0.291 | vision_eyes | 0.360 |
| outer_sensory | 0.291 | voice_ears | 0.350 |
| outer_sensory | 0.291 | touch | 0.279 |
| outer_sensory | 0.291 | smell | 0.174 |
| (other) | 0.185 | possession_other | 0.229 |
| (other) | 0.185 | possession | 0.142 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_god | 0.327 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_demon | 0.245 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_witch | 0.175 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_ghostangelspirit | 0.131 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_dead | 0.119 |
| presence | 0.178 | presence_naturespirit | 0.071 |
| weird | 0.082 | sleep_paralysis | 0.147 |
| weird | 0.082 | shapeshifter | 0.122 |
| weird | 0.082 | out_of_body | -0.022 |
Mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(3976) | p
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.09 | 0.12 | [-0.14, 0.32] | 0.74 | 0.458
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.60 | 0.02 | [ 0.55, 0.64] | 25.08 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.30 | 0.02 | [-0.34, -0.25] | -12.47 | < .001
## categorypresence GM | -0.14 | 0.02 | [-0.18, -0.09] | -5.79 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.20 | 0.03 | [ 0.15, 0.25] | 7.34 | < .001
## howr num | 0.10 | 0.03 | [ 0.05, 0.16] | 3.59 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM × prayminday imp0 | 0.30 | 0.03 | [ 0.25, 0.35] | 11.69 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × prayminday imp0 | 0.08 | 0.03 | [ 0.03, 0.13] | 3.15 | 0.002
## categorypresence GM × prayminday imp0 | -0.15 | 0.03 | [-0.20, -0.10] | -5.93 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM × howr num | 0.17 | 0.03 | [ 0.12, 0.22] | 6.73 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × howr num | -0.20 | 0.03 | [-0.25, -0.15] | -7.70 | < .001
## categorypresence GM × howr num | 0.05 | 0.03 | [ 0.00, 0.10] | 1.94 | 0.053
## prayminday imp0 × howr num | 0.04 | 0.03 | [-0.01, 0.09] | 1.74 | 0.082
## (categoryrelabeled GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | -0.01 | 0.03 | [-0.06, 0.04] | -0.57 | 0.566
## (categoryouter sensory GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | 6.45e-03 | 0.03 | [-0.04, 0.06] | 0.26 | 0.799
## (categorypresence GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | 0.04 | 0.03 | [-0.01, 0.09] | 1.51 | 0.132
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: subject_id:(population:country)) | 0.45
## SD (Intercept: population:country) | 0.21
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.20
## SD (Residual) | 0.72Charismatic Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(969) | p
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.13 | 0.09 | [-0.05, 0.31] | 1.37 | 0.169
## categoryrelabeled GM | 1.01 | 0.04 | [ 0.92, 1.09] | 23.99 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.33 | 0.04 | [-0.41, -0.24] | -7.80 | < .001
## categorypresence GM | -0.26 | 0.04 | [-0.35, -0.18] | -6.30 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.22 | 0.04 | [ 0.14, 0.30] | 5.41 | < .001
## howr num | 0.07 | 0.05 | [-0.03, 0.17] | 1.41 | 0.158
## categoryrelabeled GM × prayminday imp0 | 0.17 | 0.04 | [ 0.09, 0.26] | 4.06 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × prayminday imp0 | 0.14 | 0.04 | [ 0.05, 0.22] | 3.24 | 0.001
## categorypresence GM × prayminday imp0 | -0.10 | 0.04 | [-0.18, -0.01] | -2.22 | 0.027
## categoryrelabeled GM × howr num | -0.04 | 0.04 | [-0.12, 0.05] | -0.81 | 0.416
## categoryouter sensory GM × howr num | -0.13 | 0.04 | [-0.22, -0.05] | -3.02 | 0.003
## categorypresence GM × howr num | 0.12 | 0.04 | [ 0.03, 0.20] | 2.66 | 0.008
## prayminday imp0 × howr num | -0.05 | 0.05 | [-0.15, 0.04] | -1.09 | 0.278
## (categoryrelabeled GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | -0.06 | 0.05 | [-0.16, 0.04] | -1.09 | 0.274
## (categoryouter sensory GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | -4.09e-04 | 0.05 | [-0.10, 0.10] | -8.03e-03 | 0.994
## (categorypresence GM × prayminday imp0) × howr num | 0.07 | 0.05 | [-0.03, 0.17] | 1.32 | 0.186
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: subject_id:country) | 0.45 | 0.03 | [0.39, 0.52]
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.17 | 0.09 | [0.06, 0.46]
## SD (Residual) | 0.69 | 0.02 | [0.66, 0.73]Study 3
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.48 6.3 0.0039 0.56 0.76 0.53
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.86 0.87 0.88
## Duhachek 0.86 0.87 0.88
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_02 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.45 4.8 0.0051 0.031
## spiritualevents_03 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.44 4.7 0.0054 0.028
## spiritualevents_05 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.44 4.7 0.0052 0.031
## spiritualevents_09 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.46 5.1 0.0047 0.038
## spiritualevents_14 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.48 5.5 0.0044 0.038
## spiritualevents_19 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.54 6.9 0.0039 0.031
## spiritualevents_20 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.52 6.6 0.0038 0.037
## med.r
## spiritualevents_02 0.35
## spiritualevents_03 0.35
## spiritualevents_05 0.34
## spiritualevents_09 0.35
## spiritualevents_14 0.35
## spiritualevents_19 0.57
## spiritualevents_20 0.57
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_02 1606 0.85 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.59 1.05
## spiritualevents_03 1596 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.73 1.17
## spiritualevents_05 1577 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.80 0.54 0.99
## spiritualevents_09 1592 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.76 1.09
## spiritualevents_14 1727 0.76 0.73 0.67 0.65 0.84 1.13
## spiritualevents_19 1647 0.48 0.56 0.46 0.38 0.10 0.49
## spiritualevents_20 1623 0.53 0.60 0.50 0.41 0.17 0.59
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_02 0.72 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.10
## spiritualevents_03 0.68 0.04 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.10
## spiritualevents_05 0.74 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.01 0.11
## spiritualevents_09 0.62 0.08 0.24 0.03 0.03 0.11
## spiritualevents_14 0.60 0.07 0.26 0.04 0.03 0.03
## spiritualevents_19 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.07
## spiritualevents_20 0.91 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.09##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.48 4.7 0.0058 0.31 0.62 0.46
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.81 0.82 0.83
## Duhachek 0.81 0.82 0.83
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_01 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.47 3.6 0.0075 0.0149
## spiritualevents_04 0.76 0.77 0.73 0.45 3.3 0.0084 0.0093
## spiritualevents_06 0.75 0.77 0.73 0.45 3.3 0.0084 0.0100
## spiritualevents_07 0.79 0.79 0.76 0.49 3.8 0.0066 0.0231
## spiritualevents_08 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.56 5.0 0.0061 0.0074
## med.r
## spiritualevents_01 0.46
## spiritualevents_04 0.44
## spiritualevents_06 0.44
## spiritualevents_07 0.47
## spiritualevents_08 0.56
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_01 1613 0.81 0.78 0.71 0.66 0.306 0.75
## spiritualevents_04 1592 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.491 0.94
## spiritualevents_06 1643 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.72 0.391 0.84
## spiritualevents_07 1647 0.78 0.76 0.67 0.60 0.172 0.60
## spiritualevents_08 1677 0.61 0.65 0.50 0.45 0.076 0.43
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_01 0.84 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.09
## spiritualevents_04 0.75 0.08 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.11
## spiritualevents_06 0.79 0.08 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.08
## spiritualevents_07 0.91 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.07
## spiritualevents_08 0.96 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.49 2.9 0.011 0.51 0.79 0.5
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.71 0.73 0.75
## Duhachek 0.71 0.73 0.75
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_10 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.59 2.9 0.012 NA
## spiritualevents_11 0.53 0.54 0.37 0.37 1.2 0.022 NA
## spiritualevents_12 0.67 0.67 0.50 0.50 2.0 0.016 NA
## med.r
## spiritualevents_10 0.59
## spiritualevents_11 0.37
## spiritualevents_12 0.50
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_10 1615 0.83 0.77 0.57 0.49 0.57 1.00
## spiritualevents_11 1638 0.86 0.86 0.77 0.65 0.44 0.86
## spiritualevents_12 1479 0.81 0.81 0.66 0.54 0.38 0.82
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_10 0.71 0.07 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.09
## spiritualevents_11 0.76 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.08
## spiritualevents_12 0.79 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.17##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.49 0.54 0.45 0.28 1.2 0.019 0.42 0.57 0.29
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.45 0.49 0.53
## Duhachek 0.45 0.49 0.53
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_16 0.25 0.30 0.18 0.18 0.43 0.028 NA
## spiritualevents_17 0.43 0.45 0.29 0.29 0.83 0.025 NA
## spiritualevents_18 0.52 0.55 0.38 0.38 1.21 0.021 NA
## med.r
## spiritualevents_16 0.18
## spiritualevents_17 0.29
## spiritualevents_18 0.38
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_16 1701 0.75 0.77 0.59 0.40 0.32 0.71
## spiritualevents_17 1710 0.58 0.72 0.48 0.32 0.12 0.49
## spiritualevents_18 1723 0.81 0.68 0.39 0.29 0.80 1.01
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_16 0.80 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.04
## spiritualevents_17 0.93 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.04
## spiritualevents_18 0.56 0.15 0.25 0.03 0.02 0.03Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.458 | thoughts_mind | 0.626 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | overwhelm_emotion | 0.618 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | dream | 0.549 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | vision_mind | 0.529 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | voice_mind | 0.521 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | illness | 0.196 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | pain | 0.171 |
| (other) | 0.362 | healing_self | 0.419 |
| (other) | 0.362 | power | 0.414 |
| (other) | 0.362 | healing_other | 0.384 |
| (other) | 0.362 | slain_in_spirit | 0.230 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | vision_eyes | 0.438 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | touch | 0.381 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | voice_ears | 0.358 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | smell | 0.190 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | taste | 0.134 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_god | 0.458 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_demon | 0.291 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_other | 0.139 |
| weird | 0.086 | possession | 0.180 |
| weird | 0.086 | out_of_body | 0.089 |
| weird | 0.086 | sleep_paralysis | -0.011 |
Mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(6925) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.15 | 0.10 | [-0.04, 0.34] | 1.55 | 0.122
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.23 | 0.02 | [-0.27, -0.20] | -12.87 | < .001
## categorypresence GM | 0.11 | 0.02 | [ 0.07, 0.15] | 6.05 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.14 | 0.02 | [ 0.11, 0.18] | 7.91 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.25 | 0.03 | [ 0.19, 0.31] | 8.36 | < .001
## demo religimp num | 0.18 | 0.03 | [ 0.12, 0.25] | 5.58 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num | -0.05 | 0.02 | [-0.09, -0.01] | -2.44 | 0.015
## categorypresence GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.06 | 0.02 | [ 0.02, 0.10] | 3.01 | 0.003
## categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.20 | 0.02 | [ 0.16, 0.24] | 9.52 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × demo religimp num | 9.61e-03 | 0.02 | [-0.03, 0.05] | 0.47 | 0.638
## categorypresence GM × demo religimp num | -7.35e-03 | 0.02 | [-0.05, 0.03] | -0.36 | 0.719
## categoryrelabeled GM × demo religimp num | 0.13 | 0.02 | [ 0.09, 0.17] | 6.21 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num × demo religimp num | -0.05 | 0.02 | [-0.09, 0.00] | -1.92 | 0.055
## (categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | 0.04 | 0.02 | [ 0.01, 0.07] | 2.44 | 0.015
## (categorypresence GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | -0.03 | 0.02 | [-0.07, 0.00] | -2.01 | 0.045
## (categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | 0.03 | 0.02 | [-0.01, 0.06] | 1.65 | 0.099
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: ResponseId:religion_denom) | 0.65
## SD (Intercept: religion_denom) | 0.22
## SD (Residual) | 0.61All Christians
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(2985) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.16 | 0.12 | [-0.08, 0.40] | 1.28 | 0.200
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.20 | 0.02 | [-0.25, -0.16] | -8.66 | < .001
## categorypresence GM | 0.07 | 0.02 | [ 0.03, 0.12] | 3.11 | 0.002
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.35 | 0.02 | [ 0.31, 0.40] | 15.11 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.13 | 0.04 | [ 0.06, 0.21] | 3.57 | < .001
## demo religimp num | 0.15 | 0.04 | [ 0.08, 0.23] | 3.94 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num | -8.77e-03 | 0.03 | [-0.06, 0.04] | -0.34 | 0.733
## categorypresence GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.05 | 0.03 | [ 0.00, 0.10] | 1.80 | 0.072
## categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.16 | 0.03 | [ 0.11, 0.21] | 6.27 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × demo religimp num | 1.32e-03 | 0.03 | [-0.05, 0.05] | 0.05 | 0.961
## categorypresence GM × demo religimp num | 9.30e-04 | 0.03 | [-0.05, 0.05] | 0.03 | 0.972
## categoryrelabeled GM × demo religimp num | 0.12 | 0.03 | [ 0.06, 0.17] | 4.37 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num × demo religimp num | -0.03 | 0.03 | [-0.09, 0.03] | -0.87 | 0.384
## (categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | 0.01 | 0.02 | [-0.03, 0.05] | 0.68 | 0.499
## (categorypresence GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | 0.02 | 0.02 | [-0.02, 0.06] | 1.04 | 0.299
## (categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num) × demo religimp num | 0.01 | 0.02 | [-0.03, 0.05] | 0.62 | 0.537
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -----------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: ResponseId:religion_cat) | 0.69
## SD (Intercept: religion_cat) | 0.33
## SD (Residual) | 0.60Additional Visualizations
Prayer affects the number of experiences
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Prayer and Sleep Paralysis
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Culture and Dramatic Events
Study 1
Study 2
